A small fridge magnet lifts a paperclip against the pull of the entire Earth, because electromagnetism outmuscles gravity by something like 10³⁶. The four forces line up at relative strengths of 1, about 10⁻², 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻³⁹, with wildly different reach: gluons and the W and Z bosons act only inside a nucleus, while the photon and gravity carry on forever. Around the 100 GeV energy scale, electromagnetism and the weak force merge into a single electroweak force, whereas the graviton remains hypothetical.
A small fridge magnet lifts a paperclip against the pull of the entire Earth, because electromagnetism outmuscles gravity by something like 10³⁶. The four forces line up at relative strengths of 1, about 10⁻², 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻³⁹, with wildly different reach: gluons and the W and Z bosons act only inside a nucleus, while the photon and gravity carry on forever. Around the 100 GeV energy scale, electromagnetism and the weak force merge into a single electroweak force, whereas the graviton remains hypothetical.
Related topics in Particle & Quantum